Surface and sub-surface sampling methods, sample processing techniques; morphology, classification of palynomorphs; detailed study of major groups of palynomophs- spores, pollen, acritarchs, green and blue-green algae, chinozoans, dinoflagellate, scolecodonts. Palynofacies and paleoenvironmental interpretation; analytical biostratigraphy and correlation, chitinozoan biostratigraphy and palaeoecology, Paleozoic records of terrestrial palynomorphs; role of palynomorphs in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.